1. Composition of Blood
Blood: A specialized connective tissue composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%: RBCs, WBCs, platelets).
Components:
- Plasma: Contains water, proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
- RBCs: Enucleated, biconcave cells with hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
- WBCs: Nucleated cells involved in immunity (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils).
- Platelets: Cell fragments for blood clotting.
Diagram: Components of Blood
Example: Blood centrifuges separate plasma (top layer) and formed elements (bottom layer).
PYQ (NEET 2022): Which component of blood is responsible for oxygen transport?
A) Plasma
B) Platelets
C) RBCs
D) WBCs
Answer: C) RBCs
Explanation: RBCs contain hemoglobin, which binds and transports oxygen.
PYQ (NEET 2020): The most abundant plasma protein is:
A) Albumin
B) Globulin
C) Fibrinogen
D) Hemoglobin
Answer: A) Albumin
Explanation: Albumin maintains osmotic pressure and constitutes ~60% of plasma proteins.
Other Important Questions
Que: Why are RBCs enucleated?
Answer: Enucleation increases space for hemoglobin, enhancing oxygen-carrying capacity.
Que: What is the lifespan of RBCs?
Answer: ~120 days. Old RBCs are destroyed in the spleen (graveyard of RBCs).
2. Blood Groups
ABO System: Based on antigens (A/B) on RBCs and antibodies (anti-A/anti-B) in plasma.
- Group A: Antigen A + Anti-B antibodies.
- Group B: Antigen B + Anti-A antibodies.
- Group AB: Antigens A & B + No antibodies (universal recipient).
- Group O: No antigens + Anti-A & Anti-B antibodies (universal donor).
Rh Factor: Rh+ (antigen present) or Rh- (antigen absent).
Diagram: ABO Blood Group System
Example: Blood group compatibility is critical for safe transfusions.
PYQ (NEET 2021): Which blood group is the universal donor?
A) A
B) B
C) AB
D) O
Answer: D) O
Explanation: Group O lacks A/B antigens, preventing antibody reactions in recipients.
PYQ (NEET 2019): A person with blood group AB can receive blood from:
A) A, B
B) A, B, O
C) A, B, AB, O
D) AB only
Answer: C) A, B, AB, O
Explanation: Group AB has no antibodies, so it can accept all blood types.
Other Important Questions
Que: Why is Rh incompatibility dangerous during pregnancy?
Answer: If an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus, her anti-Rh antibodies can attack fetal RBCs in subsequent pregnancies (erythroblastosis fetalis).
Que: What is the role of anti-D antibodies?
Answer: Anti-D antibodies attack Rh+ blood cells, causing agglutination in mismatched transfusions.
3. Coagulation of Blood
Coagulation: The process of blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.
Steps of Coagulation:
- Vasoconstriction: Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow.
- Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets adhere to the damaged site and form a temporary plug.
- Coagulation Cascade:
- Formation of prothrombin activator.
- Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
- Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
Role of Platelets: Platelets release clotting factors that initiate the coagulation process.
Diagram: Blood Clotting Process
Example: Blood clotting prevents excessive bleeding after an injury.
PYQ (NEET 2020): Which of the following is the final step in blood coagulation?
A) Formation of prothrombin activator
B) Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
C) Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
D) Formation of platelet plug
Answer: C) Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Explanation: Fibrin forms a mesh that traps blood cells and forms a stable clot.
PYQ (NEET 2018): Which vitamin is essential for blood coagulation?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B12
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin K
Answer: D) Vitamin K
Explanation: Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors like prothrombin.
PYQ (NEET 2017): Which of the following is NOT involved in the coagulation cascade?
A) Fibrinogen
B) Thrombin
C) Prothrombin
D) Hemoglobin
Answer: D) Hemoglobin
Explanation: Hemoglobin is involved in oxygen transport, not blood clotting.
PYQ (NEET 2016): What is the role of calcium ions in blood coagulation?
A) They activate platelets
B) They convert fibrinogen to fibrin
C) They are essential for the activation of clotting factors
D) They dissolve blood clots
Answer: C) They are essential for the activation of clotting factors
Explanation: Calcium ions are required for the activation of several clotting factors in the coagulation cascade.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: What is the role of thrombin in blood coagulation?
Answer: Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms the mesh of a blood clot.
Que 2: What is hemophilia?
Answer: Hemophilia is a genetic disorder where blood does not clot properly due to the deficiency of clotting factors.
4. Composition of Lymph and Its Function
Lymph: A colorless fluid derived from tissue fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system.
Composition of Lymph:
- Water, proteins, fats, and lymphocytes.
- No RBCs and fewer proteins than blood.
Functions of Lymph:
- Returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream.
- Transports fats from the digestive system.
- Helps in immune responses by transporting lymphocytes.
Diagram: Lymphatic System
Example: Lymph nodes filter lymph and trap pathogens.
PYQ (NEET 2021): Which of the following is NOT a function of lymph?
A) Transport of oxygen
B) Transport of fats
C) Immune response
D) Return of tissue fluid to blood
Answer: A) Transport of oxygen
Explanation: Oxygen is transported by blood, not lymph.
PYQ (NEET 2019): Which of the following is true about lymph?
A) It contains RBCs
B) It transports oxygen
C) It helps in fat absorption
D) It is red in color
Answer: C) It helps in fat absorption
Explanation: Lymph transports fats absorbed from the digestive system.
PYQ (NEET 2017): What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
A) Production of RBCs
B) Filtration of lymph
C) Synthesis of hormones
D) Storage of fats
Answer: B) Filtration of lymph
Explanation: Lymph nodes filter lymph and trap pathogens.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: What is the role of lymphocytes in lymph?
Answer: Lymphocytes in lymph are involved in immune responses and help fight infections.
Que 2: How does lymph differ from blood?
Answer: Lymph lacks RBCs and has fewer proteins than blood. It also contains lymphocytes and transports fats.
5. Human Circulatory System
Circulatory System: A network of organs and vessels responsible for the transport of blood, nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body.
Components of the Circulatory System:
- Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
- Blood Vessels:
- Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
- Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Capillaries: Facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.
Diagram: Human Circulatory System
Example: The heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
PYQ (NEET 2022): Which of the following blood vessels carry oxygenated blood?
A) Pulmonary artery
B) Pulmonary vein
C) Superior vena cava
D) Inferior vena cava
Answer: B) Pulmonary vein
Explanation: The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
PYQ (NEET 2020): Which of the following is the largest artery in the human body?
A) Aorta
B) Pulmonary artery
C) Carotid artery
D) Coronary artery
Answer: A) Aorta
Explanation: The aorta is the largest artery and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
PYQ (NEET 2018): Which of the following is true about capillaries?
A) They have thick walls
B) They carry only oxygenated blood
C) They facilitate the exchange of gases and nutrients
D) They have valves to prevent backflow
Answer: C) They facilitate the exchange of gases and nutrients
Explanation: Capillaries have thin walls and allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
Answer: The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
Que 2: Why do veins have valves?
Answer: Veins have valves to prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring one-way flow toward the heart.
6. Structure of Human Heart
Heart: A four-chambered muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
Chambers of the Heart:
- Atria (Upper Chambers): Receive blood from veins.
- Ventricles (Lower Chambers): Pump blood into arteries.
Valves of the Heart:
- Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves): Tricuspid (right side) and bicuspid/mitral (left side).
- Semilunar Valves: Pulmonary valve (right side) and aortic valve (left side).
Diagram: Structure of Human Heart
Example: The heart has four chambers and valves that ensure one-way blood flow.
PYQ (NEET 2021): Which valve is present between the left atrium and left ventricle?
A) Tricuspid valve
B) Bicuspid valve
C) Pulmonary valve
D) Aortic valve
Answer: B) Bicuspid valve
Explanation: The bicuspid (mitral) valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
PYQ (NEET 2019): Which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall?
A) Right atrium
B) Left atrium
C) Right ventricle
D) Left ventricle
Answer: D) Left ventricle
Explanation: The left ventricle has the thickest wall because it pumps blood to the entire body.
PYQ (NEET 2017): Which of the following is true about the right atrium?
A) It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
B) It pumps blood to the lungs
C) It receives deoxygenated blood from the body
D) It has the thickest wall among the heart chambers
Answer: C) It receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Explanation: The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: What is the function of the semilunar valves?
Answer: Semilunar valves prevent the backflow of blood from arteries into the ventricles.
Que 2: Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?
Answer: The left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body, requiring more force, which is why its wall is thicker.
7. Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Cycle: The sequence of events that occur during one complete heartbeat, including systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation).
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle:
- Atrial Systole: Atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles.
- Ventricular Systole: Ventricles contract, pumping blood into the arteries.
- Diastole: Both atria and ventricles relax, allowing blood to fill the heart.
Key Points:
- The cardiac cycle lasts approximately 0.8 seconds in a healthy adult.
- The "lub-dub" sound of the heart is caused by the closing of heart valves.
Diagram: Cardiac Cycle
Example: The cardiac cycle ensures continuous blood flow through the heart and body.
PYQ (NEET 2022): During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles contract?
A) Atrial systole
B) Ventricular systole
C) Diastole
D) Atrial diastole
Answer: B) Ventricular systole
Explanation: During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract and pump blood into the arteries.
PYQ (NEET 2020): What causes the "lub" sound in the heartbeat?
A) Closing of semilunar valves
B) Closing of atrioventricular valves
C) Opening of semilunar valves
D) Opening of atrioventricular valves
Answer: B) Closing of atrioventricular valves
Explanation: The "lub" sound is caused by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular systole.
PYQ (NEET 2018): What is the duration of one cardiac cycle in a healthy adult?
A) 0.2 seconds
B) 0.4 seconds
C) 0.6 seconds
D) 0.8 seconds
Answer: D) 0.8 seconds
Explanation: The cardiac cycle lasts approximately 0.8 seconds in a healthy adult.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: What happens during atrial systole?
Answer: During atrial systole, the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles.
Que 2: What is the significance of the "dub" sound in the heartbeat?
Answer: The "dub" sound is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole.
8. Cardiac Output and ECG
Cardiac Output: The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as:
\[ \text{Cardiac Output (CO)} = \text{Stroke Volume (SV)} \times \text{Heart Rate (HR)} \]
Stroke Volume: The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): A graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during the cardiac cycle.
Key Points:
- Normal cardiac output is about 5 liters per minute.
- ECG waves include P, QRS, and T waves, representing atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively.
Diagram: ECG Waves
Example: An ECG helps diagnose heart conditions like arrhythmias and myocardial infarction.
PYQ (NEET 2021): What does the QRS complex in an ECG represent?
A) Atrial depolarization
B) Ventricular depolarization
C) Ventricular repolarization
D) Atrial repolarization
Answer: B) Ventricular depolarization
Explanation: The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles.
PYQ (NEET 2019): What is the normal cardiac output in a healthy adult?
A) 2 liters per minute
B) 5 liters per minute
C) 7 liters per minute
D) 10 liters per minute
Answer: B) 5 liters per minute
Explanation: The normal cardiac output is approximately 5 liters per minute.
PYQ (NEET 2017): Which wave in an ECG represents atrial depolarization?
A) P wave
B) QRS complex
C) T wave
D) U wave
Answer: A) P wave
Explanation: The P wave represents atrial depolarization.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: How is cardiac output calculated?
Answer: Cardiac output is calculated as: \( \text{CO} = \text{Stroke Volume} \times \text{Heart Rate} \).
Que 2: What does the T wave in an ECG represent?
Answer: The T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
9. Double Circulation
Double Circulation: The circulation of blood through two separate pathways: the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation.
Pulmonary Circulation:
- Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.
- Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium.
Systemic Circulation:
- Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the body.
- Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium.
Key Points:
- Double circulation ensures efficient oxygenation of blood and separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Diagram: Double Circulation
Example: Double circulation ensures that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix.
PYQ (NEET 2022): Which of the following is true about double circulation?
A) It involves only one pathway for blood flow
B) It ensures separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
C) It is found only in fish
D) It does not involve the lungs
Answer: B) It ensures separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Explanation: Double circulation ensures that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix.
PYQ (NEET 2020): Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation?
A) Left atrium
B) Right atrium
C) Left ventricle
D) Right ventricle
Answer: D) Right ventricle
Explanation: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation.
PYQ (NEET 2018): What is the advantage of double circulation?
A) It reduces the workload on the heart
B) It ensures efficient oxygenation of blood
C) It increases the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
D) It decreases blood pressure
Answer: B) It ensures efficient oxygenation of blood
Explanation: Double circulation ensures efficient oxygenation of blood by separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: What is the role of the left ventricle in double circulation?
Answer: The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation to supply the body.
Que 2: Why is double circulation important for mammals?
Answer: Double circulation ensures efficient oxygenation of blood, which is essential for meeting the high metabolic demands of mammals.
10. Regulation of Cardiac Activity
Regulation of Cardiac Activity: The heart's activity is regulated by neural, hormonal, and local factors.
Neural Regulation:
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Increases heart rate and force of contraction.
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: Decreases heart rate.
Hormonal Regulation:
- Hormones like adrenaline (epinephrine) increase heart rate and force of contraction.
Local Factors:
- Changes in blood pH, CO2, and O2 levels can affect heart rate.
Diagram: Regulation of Cardiac Activity
Example: The autonomic nervous system and hormones regulate heart rate and cardiac output.
PYQ (NEET 2021): Which part of the nervous system decreases heart rate?
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
C) Somatic nervous system
D) Central nervous system
Answer: B) Parasympathetic nervous system
Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate.
PYQ (NEET 2019): Which hormone increases heart rate and force of contraction?
A) Insulin
B) Thyroxine
C) Adrenaline
D) Cortisol
Answer: C) Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline (epinephrine) increases heart rate and force of contraction.
PYQ (NEET 2017): What is the effect of increased CO2 levels on heart rate?
A) Decreases heart rate
B) Increases heart rate
C) No effect on heart rate
D) Stops the heart
Answer: B) Increases heart rate
Explanation: Increased CO2 levels stimulate the heart to increase heart rate.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate heart rate?
Answer: The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and force of contraction by releasing norepinephrine.
Que 2: What is the role of the medulla oblongata in cardiac regulation?
Answer: The medulla oblongata contains the cardiac center, which regulates heart rate through the autonomic nervous system.
11. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Common Disorders:
- Hypertension: High blood pressure, often caused by stress, obesity, or genetic factors.
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart.
- Angina Pectoris: Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
- Heart Failure: The heart's inability to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other tissues.
Diagram: Coronary Artery Disease
Example: Plaque buildup in coronary arteries can lead to heart attacks.
PYQ (NEET 2022): Which of the following is a symptom of angina pectoris?
A) Chest pain
B) High blood sugar
C) Increased urine output
D) Joint pain
Answer: A) Chest pain
Explanation: Angina pectoris is characterized by chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart.
PYQ (NEET 2020): What is the primary cause of coronary artery disease?
A) High cholesterol
B) Low blood pressure
C) Excessive exercise
D) Low blood sugar
Answer: A) High cholesterol
Explanation: High cholesterol leads to plaque buildup in coronary arteries, causing CAD.
PYQ (NEET 2018): Which of the following is a risk factor for hypertension?
A) Low salt intake
B) Regular exercise
C) Obesity
D) Low stress levels
Answer: C) Obesity
Explanation: Obesity is a major risk factor for hypertension.
PYQ (NEET 2017): What is the main symptom of heart failure?
A) Chest pain
B) Shortness of breath
C) High blood pressure
D) Low blood sugar
Answer: B) Shortness of breath
Explanation: Heart failure leads to fluid buildup in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: What is the difference between angina pectoris and a heart attack?
Answer: Angina pectoris is temporary chest pain due to reduced blood flow, while a heart attack is caused by a complete blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.
Que 2: How can hypertension be managed?
Answer: Hypertension can be managed through lifestyle changes (e.g., reducing salt intake, exercising) and medications (e.g., beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors).
12. Hypertension
Hypertension: A condition where blood pressure is consistently elevated above normal levels (120/80 mmHg).
Causes:
- High salt intake, obesity, stress, and genetic factors.
Effects:
- Increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure.
Management:
- Lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise) and medications (e.g., beta-blockers, diuretics).
Diagram: Effects of Hypertension
Example: Hypertension can damage blood vessels and organs over time.
PYQ (NEET 2021): What is the normal blood pressure range in a healthy adult?
A) 90/60 mmHg
B) 120/80 mmHg
C) 140/90 mmHg
D) 160/100 mmHg
Answer: B) 120/80 mmHg
Explanation: The normal blood pressure range is approximately 120/80 mmHg.
PYQ (NEET 2019): Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypertension?
A) High salt intake
B) Regular exercise
C) Obesity
D) Stress
Answer: B) Regular exercise
Explanation: Regular exercise reduces the risk of hypertension.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: What are the long-term effects of untreated hypertension?
Answer: Untreated hypertension can lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and damage to blood vessels.
Que 2: How does high salt intake contribute to hypertension?
Answer: High salt intake increases blood volume, leading to higher blood pressure.
13. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Coronary Artery Disease: A condition where the coronary arteries (which supply blood to the heart muscle) become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis).
Causes:
- High cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.
Symptoms:
- Chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and fatigue.
Complications:
- Heart attack, heart failure, and arrhythmias.
Diagram: Coronary Artery Disease
Example: Plaque buildup in coronary arteries reduces blood flow to the heart.
PYQ (NEET 2022): What is the primary cause of coronary artery disease?
A) High cholesterol
B) Low blood pressure
C) Excessive exercise
D) Low blood sugar
Answer: A) High cholesterol
Explanation: High cholesterol leads to plaque buildup in coronary arteries, causing CAD.
PYQ (NEET 2020): Which of the following is a symptom of coronary artery disease?
A) Chest pain
B) High blood sugar
C) Increased urine output
D) Joint pain
Answer: A) Chest pain
Explanation: Chest pain (angina) is a common symptom of CAD due to reduced blood flow to the heart.
PYQ (NEET 2018): What is the main complication of untreated coronary artery disease?
A) Stroke
B) Heart attack
C) Kidney failure
D) Liver damage
Answer: B) Heart attack
Explanation: Untreated CAD can lead to a complete blockage of blood flow, causing a heart attack.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: How does atherosclerosis contribute to coronary artery disease?
Answer: Atherosclerosis causes plaque buildup in coronary arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow to the heart.
Que 2: What lifestyle changes can help prevent coronary artery disease?
Answer: Lifestyle changes include a healthy diet, regular exercise, quitting smoking, and managing stress.
14. Angina Pectoris
Angina Pectoris: Chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
Causes:
- Coronary artery disease, physical exertion, stress, or cold temperatures.
Symptoms:
- Chest pain, pressure, or squeezing, often radiating to the arms, neck, or jaw.
Types:
- Stable Angina: Predictable chest pain during physical activity.
- Unstable Angina: Unpredictable chest pain, even at rest.
Diagram: Angina Pectoris
Example: Angina is a warning sign of reduced blood flow to the heart.
PYQ (NEET 2021): Which of the following is a symptom of angina pectoris?
A) Chest pain
B) High blood sugar
C) Increased urine output
D) Joint pain
Answer: A) Chest pain
Explanation: Angina pectoris is characterized by chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart.
PYQ (NEET 2019): What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?
A) Stable angina occurs at rest, while unstable angina occurs during physical activity
B) Stable angina is predictable, while unstable angina is unpredictable
C) Stable angina is more severe than unstable angina
D) Stable angina is caused by stress, while unstable angina is caused by cold temperatures
Answer: B) Stable angina is predictable, while unstable angina is unpredictable
Explanation: Stable angina occurs during physical activity and is predictable, while unstable angina can occur at rest and is unpredictable.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: What is the main cause of angina pectoris?
Answer: Angina pectoris is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often due to coronary artery disease.
Que 2: How is angina pectoris treated?
Answer: Treatment includes medications (e.g., nitroglycerin), lifestyle changes, and procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery.
15. Heart Failure
Heart Failure: A condition where the heart cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other tissues.
Causes:
- Coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiomyopathy.
Symptoms:
- Shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, and rapid heartbeat.
Types:
- Systolic Heart Failure: The heart cannot pump blood effectively.
- Diastolic Heart Failure: The heart cannot fill with blood properly.
Diagram: Heart Failure
Example: Heart failure leads to fluid buildup in the lungs and other tissues.
PYQ (NEET 2020): What is the main symptom of heart failure?
A) Chest pain
B) Shortness of breath
C) High blood pressure
D) Low blood sugar
Answer: B) Shortness of breath
Explanation: Heart failure leads to fluid buildup in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.
PYQ (NEET 2017): Which of the following is a cause of heart failure?
A) Low cholesterol
B) Regular exercise
C) Hypertension
D) Low stress levels
Answer: C) Hypertension
Explanation: Hypertension increases the workload on the heart, leading to heart failure.
Other Important Questions
Que 1: What is the difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure?
Answer: Systolic heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump blood effectively, while diastolic heart failure occurs when the heart cannot fill with blood properly.
Que 2: How is heart failure managed?
Answer: Management includes medications (e.g., diuretics, ACE inhibitors), lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, heart transplant.
